Transit-oriented development

In urban planning, transit-oriented development (TOD) is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport.^[1]^[2] It promotes a symbiotic relationship between dense, compact urban form and public transport use.^[3] In doing so, TOD aims to increase public transport ridership by reducing the use of private cars and by promoting sustainable urban growth.^[4]

TOD typically includes a central transit stop (such as a train station, or light rail or bus stop) surrounded by a high-density mixed-use area, with lower-density areas spreading out from this center. TOD is also typically designed to be more walkable than other built-up areas, by using smaller block sizes and reducing the land area dedicated to automobiles.^[5]^[6] Areas that center a transit station as a hub while building residential-focused TOD development in the immediate area are known as transit villages.

The densest areas of TOD are normally located within a radius of 1⁄4 to 1⁄2 mile (400 to 800 m) around the central transit stop, as this is considered to be an appropriate scale for pedestrians, thus solving the last mile problem.

^ Calthorpe, Peter (1993). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781878271686.
^ Cervero, Robert; et al. (2004). Transit Oriented Development in America: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects. Washington: Transit Cooperative Research Program, Report 102. ISBN 978-0-309-08795-7. [1] Archived February 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 676. ISBN 978-0415862875.
^ Robert Cervero, Chris Ferrell and Steven Murphy (2002). Transit-Oriented Development and Joint Development in the United States: A Literature Review, Research Results Digest Number 52, Transit Cooperative Research Program.
^ "Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)". www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ "What is TOD?". Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. July 24, 2014.

[1] Calthorpe, Peter (1993). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 9781878271686.

[2] Cervero, Robert; et al. (2004). Transit Oriented Development in America: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects. Washington: Transit Cooperative Research Program, Report 102. ISBN 978-0-309-08795-7. [1] Archived February 6, 2021, at the Wayback Machine

[3] Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 676. ISBN 978-0415862875.

[4] Robert Cervero, Chris Ferrell and Steven Murphy (2002). Transit-Oriented Development and Joint Development in the United States: A Literature Review, Research Results Digest Number 52, Transit Cooperative Research Program.

[5] "Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)". www.sustainablecitiesinstitute.org. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 15, 2016.

[6] "What is TOD?". Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. July 24, 2014.

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